Agriculture, forestry and fishing

The growth of Northern Territory's (NT) agriculture, forestry and fishing industry is a useful indicator to reflect economic activity in the NT's regional and remote areas.  It has important linkages to other sectors of the economy, including retail and wholesale trade, manufacturing and transport. In this section, analysis is provided on activity and production for live cattle and buffalo exports, as well as other livestock products and exports, horticulture, fisheries and forestry.

Economic contribution | Contribution to employment | Agriculture | Horticulture | Fisheries | Forestry | Explanatory Notes

The agriculture, forestry and fishing industry is a significant employer and source of economic activity in regional and remote areas of the NT. The industry has important linkages to other sectors of the economy, including retail and wholesale trade, manufacturing and transport. In the past few years, this industry has been performing below long-term averages reflecting a number of seasonal fluctuations and horticultural biosecurity setbacks, which affected production levels.

Economic contribution

• In 2021-22, the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry contributed $805 million to the NT’s economy, up by 5.4% from the previous year.
• As a percentage share of gross state product (GSP), the industry contributed 2.8% in 2021-22, above the 10‑year average of 2.7%.
• The industry’s output can, however, vary significantly from year to year due to changes in production as well as seasonal conditions, and changes in global and domestic demand for NT commodities.

Map 1: Northern NT Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing¹ (click to enlarge)

1  This map is produced from various sources. Department of Treasury and Finance cannot guarantee the accuracy, currency, or completeness of the information. To be used as a guide only.
Source: Department of Treasury and Finance; Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries

Contribution to employment

• In 2022-23, employment in this industry fell by 39.9% and accounted for 0.9% of the total resident workforce in the Territory (1,196 employed) (Chart 1), below the 10‑year average (1,733 employed).

Agriculture

Live Cattle

• In 2022, about 582,252 head of live cattle left the NT’s borders to both interstate and overseas destinations (Chart 2).
• This was an increase of 6.9% (37,511 head of cattle) compared to 2021, with an increase in interstate exports, partly offset by a decrease in international exports.

International Live Cattle Exports

• The NT exports live cattle to a number of countries, most of which are located in South East Asia (Chart 3).
• In 2022, international live cattle exports from the NT fell by 24.1% to 178,482 head. The decline is largely due to limited supply with cattle being redirected to interstate markets.

• In 2022, live cattle exports to Indonesia fell by 18.7% to 160,123 head, below the ten-year average of 203,708 head.
• In 2016, Indonesia allowed the import of frozen buffalo meat as a substitute for low value beef products, in response to high prices for Australian cattle. The Indonesian government also introduced a 5:1 feeder-breeder policy in late 2017, which was revised in July 2019 to require 5% of exported cattle be fertile breeders.

Interstate Live Cattle

• In 2022, the number of NT cattle sent interstate increased by 30.4% to 403,770 head (Chart 4).
• In 2022, the number of live cattle sent to the NT fell by 52.4% to 35,460 head. This largely reflects a 42.1% decrease from Western Australia (to 28,015 head) and a 76.2% decrease from Queensland (to 5,526 head).

Other Livestock

Boxed Beef

• In December 2020, production ceased at Central Agri Group’s meat processing facility in Batchelor, and did not resume operation until July 2021.
• In 2022, overseas beef exports from the NT decreased from 146 tonnes in 2021 to 55 tonnes.
• In 2022, overseas buffalo meat exports from the NT decreased from 185 tonnes in 2021 to 155 tonnes.

Crocodile

• In 2021-22, revenue from the NT’s crocodile industry rose by 19.7% to $28.7 million.
• Stricter grading standards were introduced in 2016-17, leading to a greater quantity of crocodile skins being classified as lower grade skins. Around 78.3% of revenue was generated from the production of first grade skins in 2021-22, compared with 50% in 2016-17 (Chart 5).

Buffalo

• Live buffalo exports in 2022 decreased by 6.3% to 10,149 head, reflecting decreased exports to Malaysia (down by 1,219 head) (Chart 6).
• Indonesia lifted its suspension of live buffalo exports from Australia in early 2017 and now accounts for 72.1% of total live buffalo exports from the NT (7,314 head).

Horticulture

• The NT horticultural industry is comprised of fruit, vegetables, nursery products, turf and hay. Almost all production is sold interstate. According to the NT Farmers Association, the value of horticulture production in the NT (excluding forestry) rose by $48 million to $389 million between 2019 and 2021.
• The total value of horticultural production for 2021 comprised:
  • $128 million for mango production
  • $82.2 million for melon production
  • $80.1 million for vegetables
  • $34.6 million for field crops and fodder
  • $21.5 million for nursery and turf production
  • $21.3 million for cotton
  • $10.9 million for NT market sales
  • $10.7 million for tropical fruits (Chart 7).

Threats to Horticulture production

Various exotic plant pests and diseases found in the NT are currently impacting the horticulture production for commercial fruit and vegetable growers.

In March 2020, fall armyworm moths were detected in agricultural areas around the NT. Fall armyworms are an invasive pest that is known to threaten more than 350 plant species, including maize, sorghum, corn, fruits and vegetables. The NT Government is working closely with other state and territory governments, industry groups and communities to manage this outbreak.

In April 2022, mango shoot loopers were detected on a farm in the Darwin rural area, following earlier cases in Queensland last year. The pest feeds on mango tree leaves, shoots, flowers and immature fruit. It can also attack lychee trees, although there are no commercial lychee growers in the NT. The Australian Mango Industry Association is working to inform growers about the pest and available insecticides.

In  May 2022, banana freckle was detected in the NT for the first time since the last eradication program ended in 2019 . The fungal disease causes spotting on banana leaves and fruit, however there is no risk to human health from consumption.  The NT Government released a response plan in October 2020 to manage the outbreak.

For more information, visit the Plant diseases and pests information page on the NT Government website.

Fisheries

Crustacean production in the NT is dominated by prawns and mud crabs. Fish production largely comprises snapper, barramundi and mackerel. Aquaculture in the NT is primarily related to pearls and barramundi, with a small contribution from aquarium fish and spirulina production (the latter is used as a human diet supplement and a feed supplement in the aquaculture, aquarium and poultry industries). Reported data is the most recent available to date.

• As of July 2023, the commercial fishing industry had 242 commercial fishing and aquaculture licences (223 fishing, 19 aquaculture), 206 registered fishing vessels and harvested over 5,450 tonnes of fish and marine life each year. There was commercial activity in 14 different wild harvest fisheries.
• In 2021‑22, DITT reports the gross value of wild caught fish in the NT increased from $45.4 million to $60.8 million, while aquaculture products rose from $53.1 million to $62.5 million.

The Northern Prawn Fisheries (NPF) reports the number of prawn catches in northern Australia, in the area between Cape York in Queensland and Cape Londonderry in Western Australia. The NPF produces four common commercial species of prawns including white banana prawns, tiger prawns, eastern king prawns and endeavour prawns. The weather and ocean conditions, particularly the level of rainfall during the wet season, are very influential on the productivity of the fishery especially for banana prawns.

• In 2021-22, NPF reported the total catch of prawns in the NT was about 2,576 tonnes, up from 2,557 tonnes (Chart 7).

Forestry

Plantation forestry is becoming an increasingly important industry and is currently the second largest production land user in the NT after cattle grazing, with more than 42,000 hectares  of the NT currently used to produce forestry products in managed plantations. There are currently three plantation forestry projects in the NT:

• Acacia mangium plantations are being grown for woodchip exports on the Tiwi islands, managed by Midway Limited on behalf of the Tiwi Plantations Corporation on Melville Island. A total of 77,000 tonnes of Acacia woodchips were sold from the Tiwi Islands in 2021-22, up from 23,000 tonnes in 2020-21. Despite the improvement, demand and supply chain disruptions caused by COVID-19 still persist, with labour shortages and wet weather also affecting supply.
• African mahogany is being grown in the Douglas Daly and Katherine regions by African Mahogany Australia, and is the largest plantation estate of this species in the world. It is being grown for a high‑value, sawn timber market, which includes veneer boards, floor boards and feature grade timber. These plantations are currently in mid‑rotation, with a predicted rotation of 18 to 25 years.
• Indian Sandalwood is also grown in the Douglas-Daly and Katherine regions for oil and pharmaceuticals. These plantations are currently in mid-rotation and will not realise the bulk of their value for several years.

Explanatory notes

• The analysis is based on estimates from surveys undertaken by DPIR, information from a survey undertaken by the NT Farmers Association in 2017, as well as preliminary data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics on the value of agricultural commodities produced.
• Caution is advised when interpreting annual changes in the value of production for commodities reported in this chapter. This is due to changes in the scope and coverage of producers in the survey, changes in the level of detail on commodities reported by producers, large percentage changes from a small base and one‑off weather events occurring in the NT and adjoining states.
• For more data on agriculture, forestry and fishing, refer to DPIR's website.